diesel-engined car

< mvhcl> (vehicle) ■ Diesel m prakt.ugs

1) (легковой) автомобиль

2) вагон

3) повозка; тележка

4) вагонетка

5) электрокар

6) горн. клеть

7) кабина ( лифта)

8) передвижная платформа

9) гондола (ЛА)

10) сокр. от
cargo груз

11) сокр. от
carrier несущая( частота)

- diesel and fue-oil filter

- diesel cycle

- diesel-electric

- diesel-electric bus

- diesel-electric set

- air-cell diesel engine

- air-injection diesel engine

- break in a car

- car body

- car caravan

- second

- third gear

- accumulator car

- advertising car

- all-wheel drive car

- amphibian car

- armored motor car

- armoured car

- armoured motor car

- assembled car

- austerity car

- auto-delivery car

- automobile winch car

- autonomous car

- baby car

- base car

- bantam car

- D-front car

- damaged car

- watering car

- wreck-resistant car

1) (легковой) автомобиль || автомобильный

2) вагон

•

- ambulance car

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• автомобиль

• автомобильный

adjective (thrifty; not extravagant: This car is very economical on petrol.) económico, ahorrador

economical adj barato / económico

tr[ekə'nɒmɪkəl, iːkə'nɒmɪkəl]

adjective

1 (gen) económico,-a; (cheap) barato,-a

2 (frugal, careful, not wasteful) económico,-a, ahorrador,-ra

\

to be economical with something economizar en algo

economical [.i:kə'nɑmɪkəl,.ɛkə-] adj

: económico

♦ economically adv

• barato, -a adj.

• económico, -a adj.

• moderado, -a adj.

adjective económico

[ˌiːkǝ'nɒmɪkǝl]

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adjective económico

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Land transport

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At the age of fifteen, Porsche built a complete electrical installation for his home. In 1894 he went to technical school in Vienna. Four years later he became Manager of the test department of the Bela Egger concern, which later became part of the Brown Boveri organization where he became the first Assistant in the calculating section. In 1899 he joined the long-established coachbuilders Jacob Lohner, and in 1902 a car of his design with mixed drive won the 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) class in the Exelberg races. In 1905 he joined the Austro-Daimler Company as Technical Director; his subsequent designs included an 85 hp mixed-drive racing car in 1907 and in 1912 an air-cooled aircraft engine which came to be known in later years as the "great-grandfather" of the Volkswagen engine. In 1916, he became Managing Director of Austro-Daimler.

In 1921 he designed his first small car, which, appearing under the name of Sasch, won its class in the 1922 Targa Florio, a gruelling road-race in Italy. In 1923 Porsche left Austro-Daimler and joined the Daimler Company in Untertürk-heim, near Stuttgart, Germany. In 1929 he joined the firm of Steyr in Austria as a director and chief engineer, and in 1930 he set up his own independent design office in Stuttgart. In 1932 he visited Russia, and in the same year completed the design calculations for the Auto-Union racing car.

In 1934, with his son Ferry (b. 1909), he prepared a plan for the construction of the German "people's car", a project initiated by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi regime; in June of that year he signed a contract for the design work on the Volkswagen. Racing cars of his design were also successful in 1934: the rear-engined Auto-Union won the German Grand Prix, and another Au to-Union car took the Flying Kilometre speed record at 327 km/h (203.2 mph). In 1935 Daimler-Benz started preproduction on the Volkswagen. The first trials of the cars took place in the autumn of 1936, and the following year thirty experimental cars were built by Daimler-Benz. In that year, Porsche visited the United States, where he met Henry Ford; in October an Auto-Union took the Flying Five Kilometre record at 404.3 km/h (251.2 mph). On 26 May 1938, the foundation stone of the Volkswagen factory was laid in Wolfsburg, near Braunschweig, Germany.

In October 1945 Ferdinand Porsche was arrested by a unit of the United States Army and taken to Hessen; the French army removed him to Baden-Baden, then to Paris and later to Dijon. During this time he was consulted by Renault engineers regarding the design of their 4CV and designed a diesel-engined tractor. He was finally released on 5 August 1947. His last major work before his death was the approval of the design for the Cisitalia Grand Prix car.

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SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.

Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.

In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.

Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.

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- four-armed

- four-bearing crankshaft

- four-bladed

- four-choke carburetor

- four-compartment

- four-component alloy

- four-cornered

- four-cycle engine

- four-cylinder

- four-cylinder engine

- four-dimensional current

- four-light body

- four-light car

- four-link chain

- four-link mechanism

- four-pass absorber

- four-pen recorder

- control valve

- four-post rack

- four-wheel bogie

- four-wheel brakes

- four-wheel braking

- four-wheel drive

- four-wheel drive bogie

- two annular friction apparatus

- two-axis sensing device

- two-axis table

- two-bank engine

- two-barrel carburetor

- two-coat road

- two-component alloy

- piezoelectric sensor

- two-console rotor

- two-cycle engine

- two-cylinder

- two-cylinder engine

- two-cylinder pump

- two-cylinder thresher

- two-diameter piston

- two-digit indicator

- two-direction thrust bearing

- two-door car

- two-finger gripper

- two-fingered gripper

- two-independent ignition

- two-input gate

- two-joint driveshaft

- two-land bearing

- two-leading shoe brake

- two-leaf

- two-leaf grab bucket

- two-leafed door

- two-men bus

- two-men operation bus

- two-men tankette

- two-part bearing

- two-part crank

- two-part screen

- two-piece piston

- two-piece rim

- two-plough tractor

- two-point ignition

- two-point spark plug

- two-power bus

- two-range transmission

- two-rate tariff

- two-row

- two-space fluid coupling

- two-spar wing

- two-spark distributor

- two-spark dual magneto

- two-speed axle

- two-speed clutch

- two-speed governor

- two-speed motor

- two-spool engine

- two-stage

- two-stage cleaning

- two-stage diesel

- two-stage converter

- two-stage crossing

- two-stage pump

- two-stage reducer

- speed reducer

- two-stage sample

- two-stage spring

- two-stage turboprop

- two-stage worm reducer

- two-stage speed reducer

- vehicle-actuated gauge

- vehicle car

- vehicle clearance circle

- vehicle drag test

- vehicle exhaust fan

- air-transportable vehicle

- all-equipped vehicle

- all-purpose vehicle

- all-service vehicle

- all-service military vehicle

- all-wheel drive vehicle

- ammunition vehicle

- armoured vehicle

- army tactical vehicle

- articulated vehicle

- battery-driven vehicle

- blitz vehicle

- break-down vehicle

- cab-forward type vehicle

- cab-over-engine vehicle

- captured vehicle

- cargo vehicle

- carrier vehicle

- civil vehicle

- combat vehicle

- command vehicle

- commercial vehicle

- commercial motor vehicle

- compressed gas vehicle

- convertible vehicle

- crawler-type vehicle

- cross-country vehicle

- cruising vehicle

- Diesel-powered vehicle

- endless-track vehicle

- excursion vehicle

- forward control vehicle

- frameless vehicle

- freight vehicle

- full-track vehicle

- gas-electric vehicle

- gas-producer vehicle

- general-purpose vehicle

- go-anywhere vehicle

- goods vehicle

- goods-carrying vehicle

- ground vehicle

- hackney vehicle

- half-track vehicle

- half-tracked vehicle

- heavy vehicle

- heavy traction vehicle

- high-wheeled vehicle

- hired vehicle

- industrial vehicle

- juvenile motor vehicle

- landing vehicle

- lead vehicle

- light-duty vehicle

- long-distance vehicle

- mechanical vehicle

- mechanically propelled vehicle

- medical vehicle

- military wheeled vehicle

- motor vehicle

- motor passenger vehicle

- motor transport vehicle

- motor-vehicle proving ground

- motor-vehicle proving grounds

- motor-vehicle testing track

- motor-vehicle testing course

- non-runner vehicle

- off-road vehicle

- overhead-type vehicle

- oversize vehicle

- overweight vehicle

- parked vehicles

- passenger vehicle

- passenger service vehicle

- pedestrian-controlled vehicle

- private vehicle

- propane-powered vehicle

- public-service vehicle

- rail vehicle

- rear-loading vehicle

- recovery vehicle

- rescue vehicle

- sanding vehicle

- screening vehicle

- searchlight vehicle

- self-loading vehicle

- side-loading vehicle

- six-wheeled vehicle

- snow-fighting vehicle

- special-purpose vehicle

- sport utility vehicle

- stationary vehicle

- sterilizing vehicle

- street vehicle

- street cleaning vehicle

- tactical vehicle

- test vehicle

- tool vehicle

- towed vehicle

- tracked vehicle

- tracked cross-country vehicle

- track-laying vehicle

- track-type vehicle

- transport vehicle

- two-axle vehicle

- two-engined vehicle

- unauthorised vehicle